¿Why is it that Human Rights must be respected if it seems fashionable the apology for scorning them? This paper intends a review of how is it that Human Rights and the Humanitarian Right have developed, and of why they are not just moral ideals but a universal system of right, not without lacks, but also with plenty of developments. In that order of ideas three devices created to make the Human Rights exigible are analyzed. Such devices are: The incorporation (...) of the International Right in the internal right; the Office of the High Commissioner of United Nations for Human Rights; and the actions that could be accomplished by the States in relations of cooperation with a particular country. In Colombia, since 2003, among the imperfect situation of the International Right, the Human Rights have made the biggest advances to obtain the condition of being exigible. But, despite of such development a lot is still necessary for an acceptable degree of respect of Human Rights in Colombia. Each year a great deal of people die because of political reasons. And, unfortunately, in the last years the Colombian government has promoted legislation very encouraging of war and humanity crimes impunity. Supposedly the government effort is directed to achieve peace and reconciliation among Colombians, but such objective will be reached with great difficulty following such path. The reasons for those difficulties are basically three: Justice Simulation; a preservation of the power of the mobs, and a concealment of the responsibility of the state. But, ¿Does these difficulties mean that there is nothing to be done to find a civilized exit to the Colombian crisis? No. As is pointed out in this article, there are three considerations of logical, historical and political character that allow thinking the following: It is no reasonable to think in dismantling the Social State of Right for preserving the State of right; and a society that deliberately leaves to impunity great crimes of the past can hardly create confidence and guarantee the rights to justice and life for the great crimes of the future. Because of all of this making the Human Rights the minimum common denominator of all political parties, the State and the whole society would be a key to achieve the overcoming of social exclusion in our country and to generate just foundations for a democratic coexistence. (shrink)

In the current secularization of religion nowadays, particularly of Christianity, we see that in the celebrations of the sacraments, specially Baptism and Eucharist, people are looking for something to give their lives sense, that they even don’t know for sure what is, but through the liturgical rites, expressed by the body language, try to make life in accordance with faith, even though still in a superficial way. Through the theology of the sacraments, theology of revelation and anthropology we realize that (...) the relationship between the human being and God is still very present and currently up-to-date, and not something "unknown" or even "lost". Thus, the human being is still seeking a close relationship with the Being who created him at His image and likeness that can be realized and manifested in liturgical celebrations, not forgetting the communal character of each liturgical act and its expressions. (shrink)

We present a fully relational definition of inertial systems based in the No Arbitrariness Principle, that eliminates the need for absolute inertial frames of reference or distinguished reference systems as the ``fixed stars'' in order to formulate Newtonian mechanics. The historical roots of this approach to mechanics are discussed as well. The work is based in part in the constructivist perspective of space advanced by Piaget. We argue that inertial systems admit approximations and that what is of practical use are (...) precisely such approximations. We finally discuss a slightly larger class of systems that we call ``relatively inertial'' which are the fundamental systems in a relational view of mechanics. (shrink)

In _Sociocybernetics and Political Theory in a Complex World_, Roberto Mancilla offers new takes on known ideas of political and constitutional theory; the advent of information technology and globalization puts them in crisis, as many stem from centuries past.

“I don’t like the term ‘woke’ because I hear, ‘Woke, woke, woke.’ It’s just a term they use, half the people can’t even define it, they don’t know what it is.” This is what Donald Trump said admitt...

Trata-se de elaborar um conceito de opressão mediante engajamento crítico com a filosofia de Paulo Freire e explorar quatro aspectos da opressão: 1) hierarquização social; 2) injustiça epistêmica; 3) injustiça estética; 4) sujeição a um poder arbitrário.

El liberalismo de Carlos S. Nino evolucionó desde sus primeros trabajos vinculados al derecho penal, hacia la construcción de una teoría de la democracia deliberativa. Desde sus comienzos, siguiendo a los autores liberales clásicos como John Stuart Mill, hasta el final en donde adhirió a un liberalismo igualitario, hubo construcciones que acompañaron este proceso, como el concepto de autonomía personal, y también ciertos ideales morales, como un oposición concreta al perfeccionismo. El texto presenta al liberalismo de Nino al comienzo y (...) al final de su obra para mostrar que el antiperfeccionismo originado en el liberalismo clásico que servía de base para construir su concepción de la autonomía, se mantuvo inalterado durante todo este proceso de evolución dificultando la compatibilización de su teoría de la responsabilidad penal con su teoría de la democracia deliberativa, orientada hacia el liberalismo igualitario. (shrink)

The concept of ideology is central to the understanding of the many political, economic, social, and cultural processes that have occurred in the last two centuries. And yet, what is the nature of the different ideologies remains a vague, open, and much disputed question. Many political, sociological, and ideological studies have been devoted to ideology. Very little, on the other hand, has been done from the philosophical field. And this despite the fact that there are undoubtedly many philosophical questions related (...) to ideology and its role in modern industrialized societies. Just a few examples of ideology-related philosophical questions suffice to prove the point: What objects do ideologies deal with? Are the ideologies testable? Are there true ideologies? Do they evolve? How are ideologies related to societies? Is the existence of ideologies inevitable in modern societies? What is the relation of ideology to science? Is science just another kind of ideology? Are we, as human beings, innately predisposed to believe in ideologies? Or, instead, ideologies proliferate through indoctrination and propaganda? Are ideologies necessarily harmful?...and much more. In this article I try to answer some of these questions from a philosophical point of view, taking a materialist approach. I begin by characterizing ideology as a complex, multi-layered concept. Then, I briefly discuss the material systems on which ideological movements operate, that is, societies and concrete human groups. I identify at least 11 different elements that seem to be present in most ideologies, and I compare these characteristics with those of contemporary science and technology. Although some superficial similarities can be identified, there are deep differences that make ideology completely different from science. The similarities, however, are stronger with technology. Ideologies continually evolve with technological advances, social changes, and even with mere fashion. The current fragmentation of ideologies caused by the widespread use of new technologies and social networks has given rise to new phenomena of ideological propagation which, in my opinion, are very dangerous, particularly for open societies. I discuss these processes, within the context of the nature vs nurture debate, along with the question of whether we can get rid of ideologies. (shrink)

Introduzione di Pietro Rossi - Bobbio e il diritto di Gustavo Zagrebelsky - Bobbio e la politica di Massimo L. Salvadori - La teoria generale del diritto di Riccardo Guastini - La teoria generale della politica. Per la ricostruzione del "modello bobbiano" di Michelangelo Bovero - Realismo politico e dottrina dello Stato di Pier Paolo Portinaro - Le relazioni tra gli Stati di Luigi Bonanate - Gli autori - Indice dei nomi.

Al hilo de la estética kantiana, de sus supuestos y de los problemas que ella deja sin resolver, este trabajo intenta despejar el concepto de apariencia estética en Schiller. La definición schilleriana de la belleza como "libertad en la apariencia", no solamente constituye una original prosecución del primado de la razón práctica y de la libertad en Kant, sino que además constituye una peculiar reinvindicación de la apariencia sobre la misma "realidad". Sin embargo, Schiller se esfuerza en mantener y conciliar (...) la específica ambigüedad del término "apariencia": libertad en la apariencia es, al mismo tiempo, libertad aparente y libertad aparecida. (shrink)

Proponemos una lectura de la obra de Hobbes como revolución, como ruptura radical con el pensamiento de la tradición dominante: ruptura, que lo es en casi todos los ámbitos, pero sobre todo en el del pensamiento político, moral y jurídico. Sugerimos, además, que esa radical ruptura sigue manteniendo elementos vivos y útiles para pensar la política hoy.

La puesta en escena de la cultura se produce en el momento que la educación va formando mujeres y hombres en la sociedad. La multidimensionalidad del hombre requirió desde el inicio una formación que integrara la totalidad de la persona. La escuela católica ha tratado de responder a dicha terea, mediante la evangelización desde la escuela, cuyo propósito consiste fundamentalmente en formar ciudadanos del cielo y de la tierra. No obstante, el contexto social genera la secularización de las dimensiones de (...) la vida cotidiana. El posicionamiento del liberalismo como ideología política y económica requiere un Estado laico que garantice libertades de credo y culto. La experiencia mexicana de los últimos dos siglos vivirá de modo particular este proceso en que la lucha por el poder entre Iglesia y Estado hacen de la laicidad un conflicto de intereses. (shrink)

The present essay questions at the same time it acknowledges the historical and logical conditions of existence of painting as an expanded field. The expanded field of painting is presented using a Greimas rectangle that incorporates the notions of uniqueness/reproducibility, multidimensional affine spaces, and history. The essay provides an understanding of the discipline and of the art-works that make it possible to locate different artistic manifestations taking place today in society.

En este trabajo se presentan las características de la interpretación en Ronald Dworkin, a través de su puesta en perspectiva con la hermenéutica gadameriana y la hermenéutica trascendental de Apel. Esto posibilita dar cuenta de una tensión interna al pensamiento de Dworkin que se da en el peso que tienen en la interpretación la dimensión pragmática y la dimensión semántica del signo. La no asunción de la dimensión pragmática, y su intención de brindar un criterio para la mejor interpretación le (...) llevan a caer en una posición realista. (shrink)

En este artículo argumento que la distinción entre los términos “ética” y “moral” es estipulativa y que nada nos impone un cierto significado de los términos: ni su etimología ni la tradición filosófica. Argumento específicamente en contra de una estipulación según la cual “ética” se refiere a la afirmación de la conciencia individual autónoma o auténtica, mientras que “moral”, a la esfera de la observancia de reglas impuestas por la sociedad. Si el propósito de la estipulación es mostrar la mayor (...) importancia relativa de la primera sobre la segunda, por sí sola, esta distinción no nos da ninguna justificación de por qué la conducta ética es superior a la moral. Nada realmente significativo, fuera del ámbito de la teoría que hace la distinción, depende de la estipulación terminológica entre “ética” y “moral”. (shrink)

O conceito de memes surgiu em 1976 com Richard Dawkins, como um análogo cultural dos genes. Deveria ser possível estudar a cultura através do processo de evolução por seleção natural de memes, ou seja, de comportamentos, ideias e conceitos. O filósofo Daniel Dennett utilizou tal conceito como central em sua teoria da consciência e pela primeira vez divulgou para o grande público a possibilidade de uma ciência dos memes chamada "memética". A pesquisadora Susan Blackmore (1999) foi quem mais se aproximou (...) de uma defesa completa de tal teoria. No entanto, a memética sofreu pesadas críticas e ainda não se constituiu como uma ciência, com métodos e uma base empírica bem definida. -/- The concept of memes was created by Richard Dawkins in 1976 as a cultural analogue of genes. It suggests the possibility of studying culture through a process of evolution through natural selection of memes, that is, of behaviors, ideas and concepts. The concept became central for the philosopher Daniel Dennett, who employed it in his theory of consciousness and made the possibility of a science of memes, called "memetics", known to the general public. Susan Blackmore (1999) comes closest to giving a complete defense of such a theory. However, memetics has been the target of heavy criticism, and has still not established itself as a science, with specific methods and a well-defined empirical basis. (shrink)

La presencia del orden se nos impone con singular insistencia. La reflexión sobre el orden, las posibilidades de su emergencia y las condiciones de su articulación y de su crítica, al igual que de su transgresión o transformación, ha constituido un eje central en el pensamiento filosófico y social continental a lo largo del siglo XX. Los trabajos que aparecen en este libro proceden de pensadores provenientes de Alemania, Francia y México y se proponen contribuir a una reflexión amplia, sistemática (...) y a la vez interdisciplinaria sobre este problema a la vez inquietante e inescapable. (shrink)

This textbook presents the basics of philosophy that are necessary for the student and researcher in science in order to better understand scientific work. The approach is not historical but formative: tools for semantical analysis, ontology of science, epistemology, and scientific ethics are presented in a formal and direct way. The book has two parts: one with the general theory and a second part with application to some problems such as the interpretation of quantum mechanics, the nature of mathematics, and (...) the ontology of spacetime. The book addresses questions such as "What is meaning?", "What is truth?", "What are truth criteria in science?", "What is a theory?", "What is a model?" "What is a datum?", "What is information?", "What does it mean to understand something?", "What is space?", "What is time?", "How are these concepts articulated in science?" "What are values?" "What are the limits of science?", and many more. The philosophical views presented are "scientific" in the sense that they are informed by current science, they are relevant for scientific research, and the method adopted uses the hypothetical-deductive approach that is characteristic of science. The results and conclusions, as any scientific conclusion, are open to revision in the light of future advances. Hence, this philosophical approach opposes to dogmatic philosophy. Supported by end-of-chapter summaries and a list of special symbols used, the material will be of interest for students and researchers in both science and philosophy. The second part will appeal to physicists and mathematicians. (shrink)

El propósito de este comentario sobre la tradición biopolítica es ayudar a aclarar, a los lectores nuevos en estas cuestiones, el panorama general y la ruta que se ha trazado en torno a los análisis de esta tecnología que describió Foucault. En este artículo se sostiene que hay, al menos, cuatro momentos claramente identificables dentro de la tradición biopolítica, y tres dentro de la tradición gubernamental, ambas tradiciones están asociadas al contexto social que demanda nuevas teorías para analizar el presente, (...) así como a la divulgación de esas teorías. También se traza aquí una grilla de inteligibilidad entre la biopolítica y la gubernamentalidad. (shrink)

La investigación, al ser un ejercicio de naturaleza humana, permite realizar la descripción de una porción de realidad desde su objeto de estudio; por tanto, este trabajo investigativo permitió abordar algunos aportes de la teoría crítica de Frankfurt a través del ejercicio filosófico-reflexivo, orientado a pensar lo social desde lo humano con el fin de transformar una postura tradicional, desde lo crítico, contrastando la heteronimia que seculariza las voluntades humanas, pensando las problemáticas sociales desde el reconocimiento del otro como sujeto (...) y generando acciones encaminadas a la emancipación de los fenómenos tradicionales como es la “Cultura de Guerra” desde la educación policial. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es describir el fenómeno del autoconocimiento desde una perspectiva wittgensteiniana. En la obra tardía de Wittgenstein gran parte de sus reflexiones se centra en el análisis de expresiones de estados fenomenológicos y actitudes proposicionales. A partir del análisis de las autoadscrip-ciones de estados mentales, muchos filósofos han intentado construir una imagen de lo que sería el autoconocimiento para el filósofo austríaco en sus últimos escritos. En este artículo pretendemos mostrar que Wittgenstein tiene una posición dual (...) en lo que se refiere al significado de los verbos psicológicos en primera persona. En unas ocasiones tendría un uso expresivo; en otras, un uso informativo y que ninguno de los tres intentos que mostraremos es acertado, aunque los tres parecieran encontrar apoyo textual en la obra del filósofo austriaco. The aim of this paper is to explore the phenomenon of self-knowledge from a Wittgensteinian perspective, subject of great interest to the philosophy of psycholo-gy. In Wittgenstein's later work, much of his thoughts are focused on the analysis of phenomenological states expressions and propositional attitudes. From the analysis of self-ascriptions of mental states, many philosophers have tried to build an image of what would be the self-knowledge for the Austrian philosopher in his later writings.In this article we show that Wittgenstein has a dual position in regard to the meaning of psychological verbs in the first person. On some occasions would use expressive in other, informational use. And that none of the three attempts that we will show is successful, although all three appear to find textual support in the work of Austrian philosopher. (shrink)